Research Paper on the Future of Wireless Data Communications

Research Paper on the Future of Wireless Data Communications By any measure, wireless communications are one of the fastest growing sectors of wireless technologies. A summary of what I consider five (5) key points covered in the article includes the following: The Need for Software Radios and programmable radio chipsets First, there is the need to find the right combination of hardware that can be programmed to provide support to high-performance signals for radios. It is projected that in the next 10 years from now, software radios would be the standard technologies in many commercial and military communication devices (Partridge 2011: 63). The software radios can be programmed to limit their usability to specific functions changeable from the real software that controls the radios. Programmable radio chipsets can also be incorporated with WiFi products. Realizing this objective is not difficult but rather it requires a paradigm shift from hardware to software technologies given that software radios had been envisioned by the military for the past two decades. From the examination of the transformation of radio technologies from hardware to software, the size of wireless radios has been reducing at an increasing rate. Equally, the cost of these wireless radios has been reducing significantly (Partr idge 2011: 63). So far, available software radios include Wireless Network after Next (WNAN), Microsoft Research Software (Sora0, and Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). Simply put, realizing the future with wireless communications is determined with the shift from hardware to software-controlled radios and thus, resources must be channeled into the design of the right programs and radio chipsets to run software radios (Porcino, and Hirt, 2003). Understanding the World of Software Radios Another fundamental thing that the communication industry should be prepared for is the need to understand the world of software radios. There is the need to differentiate software radios from other typical radio technologies that are currently available in the market. The most fundamental elements of software radios entail understanding the processing power of software radios and the ratio of available bandwidth. The processing power of software radios is usually expressed in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), which will determine the wireless performance power of the wireless communication device (Partridge 2011:64). Similarly, the available bandwidth will determine the speed with which the wireless communication device performs. One advantageous thing about wireless communication devices is that it will search for unused wireless frequencies if more bandwidth is required in applications (Partridge 2011:64). Therefore, the realization of a world of wireless communications calls for the implementation of the right technical and regulatory innovations, and a thorough understanding of how software radios work. The right type of Software Radios Understanding the importance and usage of software radios is only but part of the solution. The goal is yet to be realized and therefore, a criterion has to be found that will aid the manufacture and development of the right types of software radios. The process should begin with the collection and mixture of programmable components to be embedded in a processor. The main objective would be to develop the radios with the most powerful processing power (Partridge 2011:64). Correspondingly, configuration of software chips or chipsets with software radios should be done to facilitate coding, media-access, and frequencies. Extensive research needs to be undertaken in this area to ensure that only the best software radios and chipsets are developed. Important considerations should be allocated into developing software radios with acceptable characteristics and behavior such as high performance, low energy consumption, and one with the right processor and chipsets (Partridge 2011:64). Realization of the World of Software Radios Other than the development, understanding, and manufacture of software radios, the securities associated with the realization and exploitation of a world of software radios needs to be addressed. Of great concern is the need exploit the need to approve the usage of spectrums and their accompanying regulatory concerns. First, it is imperative that all details regarding radio behavior be examined, both practically and theoretically. Second, research needs to be undertaken to provide insights in the usage of particular radio spectrums in certain regions, and as well, to determine the current situation. Third, informed decisions should be made based on the analysis, evaluation, and research findings in order to prepare the communication industry for a bright future with respect to the use of wireless communication. Additionally, it should also enable software managers and engineers to determine the right criteria of allocating spectrums to particular regions (Partridge 2011: 66-67). Fina lly, a world of wireless communication would need authoritative controls and licensing to control and reduce the challenges associated with how radios connect with each other (Porcino and Hirt 2003). It would also provide control to the nature with which radios communicate with protocols. Recommendations and the right way forward The assessment and evaluation into the world of software technologies could not have been complete without the provision of recommendations with regard to how the perceived world of wireless communications would be realized. Importantly, the recommendations cover the things that should be undertaken with respect to the key elements that were discussed in the article. This includes but not limited to the control of radio behavior, the right channels to follow when approving the right spectrums, and providing enough information regarding the use of software radios to enable users and authorities in the communication industry to make informed decisions (Partridge 2011: 68). Outlined in the recommendations are the need for research and development, funding from government agencies, and the need to understand the right control measures for controlling bandwidth and estimating the best protocols to be used. Finally yet important, it is important to acknowledge the fact that, indeed wireles s networks hold a vital place in the future of the communication industry. WiFi and Bluetooth In contemporary communications, Personal Digital Assistants and Mobile Telephony manufacturers are making huge sales just from the mention that their devices support WiFi and Bluetooth communications. Irrespective of the performance power of the mentioned features, the PDAs and Bluetooth Devices are still preferred by users. Another important characteristic of WiFi and Bluetooth applets is that they can be installed in a range of communication devices and radios. WiFi and Bluetooth communication applets have no regional boundaries due to their automatic connections and compatibility, and, therefore, they can be used universally and wherever irrespective of a change in data communication protocols. Importantly, these technologies are not yet fully discovered meaning that with the right innovations and technological platforms, newer versions of Bluetooth and WiFi Chipsets will continue being produced thereby assisting in the realization of the perceived world of wireless communications . Undoubtedly, protocols such as WiFi and Bluetooth will form the basis for radio applets by 2020. Such protocols are compatible with several other data-communication protocols and perhaps boosting their universality. Majority of such communication connections happen automatically without involving action from the user. Similarly, future radios would utilize limitless bandwidths depending on the type of communication and thus, protocols such as WiFi and Bluetooth communications are capable of scanning for unused spectrums thereby enabling the radio applets to increase their performance. This can be attributed to the fact that protocols such as WiFi and Bluetooth support millions of frequencies, media-protocols, and coding depending on the processing power of the device. With regard to performance, radios having a combination of WiFi + Bluetooth module combination are have proven to show enhanced performance and it turn, transforming communications into a new level (Rappaport, 2008). The issue of spectrum use and radio licensing regulations is another area that must be considered during the design of software. According to Partridge (2011: 66), software radios have the potential to change the spectrum thereby unsettling some of the existing regulations and spectrum licensors. As such, the right radios should manufactured using protocols that do not interfere with the approved or authorized spectrums. However, the use of WiFi and Bluetooth modules into the manufacture of radios would enable managers to control the manner with which radios connect to approve spectrums because protocol managers can easily validate the legality of radios over WiFi or Bluetooth connections. This is an essential factor in the future of wireless communications due to the need to obtain authorization and security of communication being communicated over wireless protocols. Finally, protocols such as WiFi and Bluetooth can be defined based on different protocol management infrastructures and policy languages thereby facilitating configuration and reconfiguration (p. 67). An exploration of Two Key Points Realization of a World of Software Radios Indeed, the explosive and exponential growth of wireless infrastructures coupled with the development wireless software systems technologies and paradigm shift from hardware to software does indicate a bright future for wireless networks. It is undoubted that the future world of communications would be controlled by software radios. Therefore, the transition from fixed hardware to more flexible radios holds a world of untapped wireless opportunities necessary for the exploitation of the radio spectrum to deliver data in the fastest and most reliably way (Kripalani, 2002). With these factors in mind, the dream of having a world connected by software radios is yet to be realized. Issues to be addressed include the need to identify the opportunities that lie ahead and implement policy decisions and infrastructure to enable us in achieving these objectives (Kripalani, 2002). It is estimated that by the year 2020, software radios would be the standard technologies in many commercial and military communication devices (Partridge 2011: 63). Ensuring the communication applets are fitted with the right radios with compatible communication protocols is one of the major issues that need to be addressed. It begins with the need to understand the necessity of software radios in the realization of a world of wireless communications. This entails the need of finding the right formula for mixing programmable hardware and software to that are necessary in the provision of support to high-performance signals for radios. This will give way to the development, understanding, and manufacture of software radios, and the associated protocol securities. Then consideration should be placed in the study and exploitation of approvable spectrums and regulatory concerns within particular regions. This is an extensive exercise that requires an examination of radio behavior, under taking comprehensive research to provide insights in the usage radio spectrums in specific geographical regions, and as well, to determine the current situation of the communication sector as far as wireless communication is concerned. Findings from the research should be incorporated in the design and manufacture of software radios to ensure that they adhere to particular communication standards and to develop them to adhere to authoritative rules and regulations governing wireless communications. (Partridge 2011: 66-67). Since the world of software radios is yet to be realized, it is imperative that authoritative and licensing controls be enacted to provide a framework with which radio communications will be managed as they communicate across protocols. The Right Way forward and Recommendations Given that the article talks of the future world of wireless communications, I believe that that the provided recommendations are imperative in the realization of the projected world. Currently, wireless frameworks control a substantial percentage of the overall level of communications, and it is a force to reckon with in the future (Partridge 2011: 68). However, knowing what is needed forms part of the solution but the realization of a world of wireless communication is far from being realized. It is upon the stakeholders from the engineering sector, manufacturing sector, policy makers, and consumers to implement the other measures that have been identified as being significant for the realization of this dream. For instance, the first step entails the understanding of the need for software radios and wireless communication chipsets in the world of wireless communications (Partridge 2011: 63). Therefore, considerations should be placed in understanding the nature of radio behavior, their performance in available spectrums, the current situation of the spectrum field, the type of research that needs to be done, and making decisions and policies that would lead into the realization of the dream of future wireless communication (Partridge 2011: 68). Supportive measures with regard to the right type of languages to be used in the description of radio behaviors and communication protocols should be sought from relevant authorities. The standards and regulations for protocols should be universal to ensure that communications among protocols can be controlled using a single regulatory framework. Equally important is the field of research and development into wireless technologies (Porcino, and Hirt, 2003). For instance, research is needed right from the discovery of the need for high performance wireless radios to the using the right infrastructure to manufacture the radios, and up to the determination of the right spectrums, protocols, and operating regulations. Frameworks and resources such as the Shared Spectrum are readily available to enable researchers find solutions to issues that might arise during the implementation of objectives and goals (Partridge 2011: 68). Administrative authorities such as governmental agencies can al so provide research assistance to strengthen the extent of information available to implementers and stakeholders in the communications industry. I believe that with the application of the right policy measures and the availability of the right technologies, the future of wireless communications would be realized by the year 2020. Reflective Review Judging from the nature of the information contained in the article and what I have produced herein, it evident that I have agreed with the sentiments expressed in the article, and I believe that it is possible to realize a world of wireless communications by the year 2020. This would be possible, if and only if, we get the right understanding of what is required, and implement the best measures based our analysis. The fastest growing section of the communication industry, by any measure, is undoubtedly wireless communications. Over the past decade, the wireless communications industry has experienced sustained and rapid growth in paging, cellular, and cordless connections (Porcino, and Hirt, 2003). This communication medium has captured the imagination of the public and as well, caught media attention given its ubiquity of service and the ease of connection as we enter the a new communications era. The advancement in technology has impact of transforming the manner with which this m edium is being utilized. Nonetheless, the dream of realizing a future with wireless communication might not come true if we fail to understand the nature of the right technologies that are essential in unlocking this potential. Technological infrastructure and innovations is the most important thing that determines the rate of development in the wireless telecommunication industry. Again, judging from the progress that has been evidenced from mid 1990s in relation to current situation in the communication field, it evident that wireless communications would play a major role in the next 10 years (Haykin and Moher, 2005). Drawing from the provided examples in the article, obtaining the right mixture of hardware and software components would be imperative in the manufacture of future radios. I also believe that the performance of radio chipsets and other wireless applications components will be hugely important during the manufacture of radios. Since the world of wireless communications is technologically dependent, and that technology is evolving at an increasing rate, I agree that extensive research and development should be undertaken to boost the discovery of issues related to improvement the wireless communications. Government is also important in the development of regulations and standard protocols to govern the manner with which devices communicate with each other. This is necessary to prevent the privacy of messages being communicated across devices and s well to prevent, the disturbance of particular frequencies. However, I am not sure with some of the factors discussed in the article and the practicability of their applications. Majority of users might not understand the whole hype associated with radio technologies and radio chipsets thus making less sense to them. I would suggest that educative measures be undertaken to enhance understanding among the users. Second, majority of stakeholders seem to suffer from myopia and therefore, many are polished with insufficient details regarding the entire issues of radio protocols and radio technologies (Haykin and Moher, 2005). Without cooperation and understanding, the dream of a future controlled by wireless communications will be far from being realized. Reference List Haykin, S. and Moher, M. 2005, Modern Wireless Communications, New York: Prentice Hall Kripalani, A.T. 2002, Realizing the Wireless Future for Universal Personal Communications. Whippany, NJ: AT T Bell Lab Partridge, C. 2011, Realizing the Future of Wireless Data Communications,† Communications of the ACM, Vol.54 No.9. Porcino, D. and Hirt, W. 2003, â€Å"Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology: Potential and Challenges ahead,† IEEE Communication Mag., Vol. 41, pp. 66-74 Rappaport, T. S. 2008, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 4th ed. Prentice Hall

The Social Collision Of Immigration, Identity And Race

Abstract This analytical paper highlights the social collision of immigration, identity and race to society. Similarly, this paper focuses on the impact of struggling with life changes. This paper will link the book called Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie to the theme identity. I will also use this book to describe these three conflicts encountered by Ifemelu, the main character. The way I will approach this paper is by conducting a thorough analysis between each conflict and its collision with society. I will use examples and quotes from the book to convey the information. Thus, this will create a sense of logic, order, and understanding in this paper. The identity of a person provides profound value and traits that are more†¦show more content†¦Ifemelu was eager to finish her education and applied for a visa to study in America (Adichie, 2014, p.121-122). In the transition of migrating to America, she envisioned herself being in a house like in The Cosby Show and attending a school where students held notebooks (Adichie, 2014, p.122). However, when she arrived, â€Å"she stared at the buildings and cars and signboards, all of them matte†¦in the landscape of her imagination, the mundane things in America were covered in high-shine gloss† (Adichie, 2014, p.127). Although Ifemelu was disappointed about the misconstrued beauty she beheld of America, she was going to experience a perennial encounter with the truth about life in America. As Ifemelu struggled to assimilate her new environment, she became self aware of the cultural collision that surrounded her. â€Å"Ifemelu could not sleep, her mind too alert to the newness of things†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Adichie, 2014, p.130). She was eager to unravel America and acquire a sense of belonging. Ifemelu attends the library in search to comprehend the American culture (Adichie, 2014, p.166). Moreover, she traveled using the subway trains from Brooklyn to Manhattan in hopes of gasping her surrounding (Adich ie, 2014, p.145). In autumn, Ifemelu went to college and was confronted with Cristina Tomas at the registration office. Cristina spoke to Ifemelu as if she â€Å"had†¦some sort of illness that made her speak slowly† (Adichie, 2014, p.163). After this

The Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno - 1439 Words

Dante’s Inferno’s central theme is God sees all of the sins people partake in their lives. Once you enter hell you will be punished for those sins according to the severity. You will endure a punishment that matches the sin you committed. Dante’s Inferno is a very imaginative way to look at crime and punishment. The story is made up of three different parts told by three people. A pilgrim is lead on journey by Virgil, Beatrice, and Saint Bernard. Virgil takes him through Hell and the Purgatory. Hell was created when Satan fell from heaven and became lodged into the center of the earth. The mountain of Purgatory was created when land was pushed down into the earth opposite the future site of Jerusalem where a passage was created and lead to the southern hemisphere as a result of Satan’s fall into the earth. Beatrice takes him through Paradise. Paradise sits on top of the Purgatory and is where Adam and Eve first dwelt Eden. Bernard prepares him for his fin al union with the godhead. The union with the godhead is the end of the journey when the pilgrim experiences love and reason. Hell is made up of nine different levels and each houses different severity of sins and the people who occupy these levels endure a different punishment. As the crime gets worse on each level the punishment is also more sever. The nine levels of Hell are Limbo, Lustful, Gluttonous, Avaricious, Wrathful, Heretics, Violent, Ordinary Fraud, and Treacherous Fraud. These are listed from the lesser sinfulShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno1526 Words   |  7 Pagesof this full entanglement is out of reach these many years later. The book that left the resounding feelings of excitement and sorrow was Dante’s Inferno. Written at a time in his life filled with grief and displacement, with the feeling of betrayal looming over him, a glimpse of understanding starts to illuminate the first strands of his web. Dante draws from a vast amount of sources to compile his poem. The combined influence of the Jewish concept of Sheol, the Christian idea of a lake of fireRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno954 Words   |  4 PagesDante’s Inferno is an amazing nonfiction piece that was meant to vindicate many lessons to its readers. As well as, depict what Dante believed hell to be, and express some of his concerns with divine justice, and the appropriate punishments for the crimes committed. While reading this epic piece it spoke in many ways, and it addresses similar issues that are still prevalent in current culture. This religious allegory seems to focus on punishments, and how it should equal up to the wrong that wasRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno1016 Words   |  5 PagesDante’s Inferno is heavily based on the social and political downgrade of Rome in the 14th century. The poet recognized that civilians in his own city-state were idolizing corrupt politicians and giv ing into their sinful temptations. Political and religious stability were crumbling and as a result order disintegrated, many started to claim to be the Pope, people were idolizing wealth and corruption, and a majority of relationships were stemmed from adultery. As a result, throughout his cantos, DanteRead MoreThe Divine Comedy By Dante Alighieri873 Words   |  4 PagesDivine Comedy† is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri. He wrote the epic sometime between 1308 and 1321, the year he died. It is considered one of the greatest works of world literature. He wrote â€Å"The Divine Comedy† while he was exiled from Florence, Italy (Bishops 182). â€Å"The Divine Comedy† recounts Dante’s idea of the afterlife. It is written in a first person perspective and follows Dante’s journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. At the time Dante wrote the Divine Comedy, Italy was goingRead MoreThe Divine Comedy : Inferno Ira2454 Words   |  10 PagesThe D ivine Comedy: Inferno IRA by Dante Alighieri Summary: (Exposition) Midway through his life, Dante finds himself lost from his true way, wandering through a dark and savage forest. He finds a mountain, after which a divine light shines upon him, encouraging him to go up it. But he is stopped by three malicious creatures and is only saved when a man finds him. The man identifies himself to Dante as Virgil (a great Roman poet), and reveals that his lost love Beatrice (and two others) has wishedRead MoreThe Hollow Men And The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesT. S. Eliot’s modernist style critiques the lifestyle of modern society during the Roaring Twenties. He expresses the false values found in society that affects their perception of themselves, and cause them to lose direction in their lives. Through his poems â€Å"The Hollow Men† and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† Eliot explores the modern underlying issues of both society and man as being lost, stagnant, and aimless. He a dvocates for change through de-romanticizing the human condition via theRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato1595 Words   |  7 Pageshelp of a philosopher to go through the long path, they can go out of the cave and see the outside world. The slaves are considered as the average person, a person whose life is driven by desire, and follows what the society says, like a person that’ s blind and has lived all his/her life in shadows. This person cannot free itself because he/she does not know that there they are looking at shadows and not true objects. The cave masters are the people who have more education or more power, but use themRead More Francescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Essay5060 Words   |  21 PagesFrancescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Canto V of Dantes Inferno begins and ends with confession. The frightening image of Minos who  «confesses » the damned sinners and then hurls them down to their eternal punishment contrasts with the almost familial image of Francesca and Dante, who confess to one another. In a real sense confession seems to be defective or inadequate in Hell. The huddled masses who declare their sins to Minos do so because they are compelled to declareRead MoreFire And Ice By Robert Frost1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing desire or passion and ice being hatred and deceit. Although this poem is one of his shortest poems with only nine lines, it is also one of the most famous works that he has ever created. The poem Fire and Ice was written in the early 1920 s and was published in 1923. World War I was the biggest war of its time and was meant to be the war that ended all wars. In the year 1914, an Austrian Archduke named Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. This incident sparked manyRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesthough it has weakened, it still affects people in todays society. It even dates back to the Renaissance days, and is presented by Dante Aligheri is his Inferno. And for this reason doth the smallest round/ Seal with its signet Sodom[...]†. Sodom is a city known for crude sexual acts, which is where sodomy gets its name from. Since the Inferno is a world created by Dante, he believes that sodomy is a sin that is worse than suicide, and decides to put it just before the entrance to the Eighth Circle

Responce to Romiette and Julio free essay sample

Wednesday, May 18th, 2011 Evil versus Non Evil Romiette and Julio is by Sharon M. Draper. Romiette Cappelle is a sixteen year old African American teenager living in Cincinnati, Ohio. Romi searches for the reason behind her recurring nightmares of fear which involve fire and water. Sixteen year old Julio Montague is a Mexican teenager who has just moved to Cincinnati. Julio wishes he could move back home to his grandfathers. Julio knows it’s impossible since his parents moved to Cincinnati due to the heavy gang presence in Texas. Julio initially meets Romi online in a teen chat room and they discover that they attend the same school. As they begin to create connection, other people begin to object to their relationship. Then there are the Devildogs, an African American gang who wear all purple and make it obvious to Romi and Julio that they dont like the races mixing. We will write a custom essay sample on Responce to Romiette and Julio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Romi and Julio continue their romance, completely ignoring the Devildogs’ view point, gang members threaten to get even. The danger escalates when the gang begins stalking the couple and decides to forewarn the couple that their romance isn’t appreciated by intimidating them with guns. Julio and Romi are terrified by the threats of violence, and create a plan where they will record these over threats of violence. When the plan goes wrong, Romi and Julio find themselves caught up in a deadly situation, where they end up in a hospital. A theme that can be well explained in this story is that â€Å"bravery is not always the key to success. † Once Destiny, Ben, Romiette and Julio forge a plan to escape the awful actions of the Devildogs, their plan entirely does not succeed. They then end up in a situation where they are caught up in tragedy. Quotes that can support my theme by showing Romi and Julio’s courageousness are â€Å"Why doesn’t Romi’s dad and his secret six investigative news team follow the Devildogs with a hidden camera, catch them threatening Romi and Julio, then expose it on TV? My dad would never agree to use me to catch them, said Romi. What if we did the filming instead of your dad? suggested Julio. â€Å" Quotes that can show that bravery isn’t always the key to success are â€Å"What cops? Terrell replied with derision. What are they gonna do to us? Devildogs rule, Tex. And we ‘bout to show you how. We tried to warn you but now you got to be taught a lesson. † These quotes show that they’re going to be in trouble, so according to me, being brave isn’t always the key to success. I connect this novel to another novel I’ve read during this year, called Safe House. This book is by James Heneghan, and is about  Liam Fogarty, a twelve year old whose parents are murdered by intruders. Given that Liam gets a good look at one of the gunmen, he also become a target. After escaping being shot through the window, he is placed in a police station for protection against being targeted by the gunmen. I am relating the two novels because in both situations, there are good and bad. For example, in this novel, there are Romiette and Julio the innocent characters, and the Devildogs the evil characters. In Safe House, there’s Liam Fogarty and his parents the innocent characters, and the intruders the evil characters. Although in both cases, the good always accomplish their objective, and the bad always suffer the consequences. As an example, Romiette and Julio will live happily ever after, and the Devildogs will have to pay for what they have done. In the end, harmful actions won’t lead to victory. Sharon Draper used certain strategies to enhance the meaning of the novel and the quality of writing. One of the strategies that she used is foreshadowing. Foreshadowing adds suspense to this novel by giving us clues of what is going to happen. Sharon Draper’s style in Romiette and Julio was to title each and every chapter; however this gave me a clear idea of what was going to come up next. As an example, chapter forty seven is titled A Lead, and in the previous chapters Romiette and Julio were kidnapped. So this title gave me an idea that the policemen got a clue to discover where Romiette and Julio might be. Another strategy Sharon Draper used is imagery. In this novel, you can actually imagine vivid pictures of the scene that is occurring which makes the story more intense. As an example, in Romi’s recurring nightmares, you can actually imagine the deadly water pouring down onto her, as if it’s drowning her and making her terrified. Sharon Draper created an interesting and excellent novel, Romiette and Julio. The reason why I believe this story is amazing is because Draper uses a fictional example of what teenagers may experience in their every day lives. Given that presently, out in the real world, a portion of the teenage population may be experiencing problems with criminals. Plenty of teenagers face similar experiences, like the story of Romiette and Julio. This book opens up our minds into realizing how dangerous it is to be involved with gangs. Therefore, for our own personal safety we must stay out of any criminal gangs’ activity or conflict.

The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation

Introduction The problem of language preservation is very important nowadays. There are 6800 languages on the Earth but many of them may disappear if people will not take the necessary steps in order to save them. The problem of language disappearance is urgent in many countries of the world. The problem is studied by many scholars and we already have the necessary tools to prevent the process and to save the endangered languages.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this report is to discuss the problem of the endangered languages preservation taking into account the historic and cultural conditions of their development as well as the impact of the modern time. To achieve this goal, the historic and cultural backgrounds of the Akan and the Taiwanese languages have been summarized. In addition, the l anguage documentation and machine translation have been discussed. Finally, the current problems of language preservation and the observed trends have been analyzed. History Of The Endangered Languages This section will present the overview of the historic and cultural background of some of the endangered languages. The Akan Language The Akan language is the most widely spread language in Ghana (Agyekum 24). However, it remains at hazard of disappearance due to the historic and cultural conditions. In addition, the economic and social situation in Ghana influences the popularity of the language substantially. Taking into account the poor economy, people in Ghana strive to achieve the economic and social security. They consider English and other foreign languages as much more important than their authentic language. The Ghanaian society is multilingual as the local people speak 76 different languages, among which 17 are dominant, 50 are considered as less endangered, and 8 are at ris k of disappearance (Agyekum 24). Such vast diversity makes this African country very interesting from the linguistic perspective. The peculiarities of the social and cultural conditions in the country influence the Akan.Advertising Looking for report on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although it is the language of 44% of the country population, it may disappear because of the impact of the social and cultural environment. In particular, the Ghanaian people use it in the limited circumstances; it is not the language of the government and is not used in the official documents; people speak English in the families and have the negative attitude to their authentic language (Agyekum 24). The Taiwanese Language The Taiwanese language is one of the endangered languages in the world. It has the Malayo-Polynesian and Chinese roots (Beaser n.pag.). From the 17th century, Chinese culture influenced Taiwan substantially. The i mmigrants from China speak different dialects of the Chinese, which became widely spread in Taiwan. The Southern Min topolect and Hakka made the greatest influence on the language formation (Beaser n.pag.). Later, Mandarin dialect spread across the country. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Taiwanese language developed independently from the Chinese (Beaser n.pag.). Since the second half of the 19th century, the Taiwanese had been developing under the conditions of the Japanese occupation of Taiwan. In 1985, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed (Beaser n.pag.). The treaty initiated the numerous restrictions on the use of the authentic language. Its signing was the beginning of the suppression of the Taiwanese language. Taiwanese survived due to the activity of the Presbyterian missioners in the island (Beaser n.pag.). They created the Romanized script for the local people. In addition, the national movements in support of the native language and against the Japanese suppression co ntributed to the language preservation (Beaser n.pag.). Nowadays, the Taiwanese society is based on the democratic value and the law protects the right of people to speak any language they want. However, Mandarin is still the official language in the island. Methods Of Language Preservation The language documentation and machine translation are described in this section.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language Documentation The goals of the linguistic projects are to increase awareness of the endangered languages speakers and to document the authentic languages (Agyekum 24). Language documentation is considered to be the important method of language conservation. There are three agents of language archiving including the depositors, the users, and the archivists (Agyekum 24-25). The depositors take the a ctive participation in the language documentation. They make the recordings, create various materials, and pass them to the archivists (Agyekum 24-25). It is clear that the users are those who use the materials. The archivists participate in the language conservation projects and solve the preservation programs in the long run. Machine Translation There are 6800 languages in the world and many of them remain unstudied. The computational linguistics can provide the tools for the endangered languages preservation but only 1% of the world languages have been the subject of its research (Bird Chiang 126). The documenting takes an important place in this respect. This method is considered to be the main tool of the modern linguistics. Machine translation represents the method of documenting used in the computational linguistics (Bird Chiang 126). It is based on the modern technologies and it has many advantages in comparison with the methods used in the past. The provision of the oppor tunity to avoid the usage of the treebanks and wordnets is one of them (Bird Chiang 126). These tools are often rather expensive. The machine translation represents the cost effective method of documenting. The Statistical Translation Model is the model of parallel text and one of the tools of the machine translation (Bird Chiang 127). The application of the model assumes the fulfillment of the major tasks of the language documentation. In particular, the model translates the collected texts into the reference language.Advertising Looking for report on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Application of the Machine Translation Model The machine translation model was successfully applied in the frameworks of the language preservation project in Papua New Guinea (Bird Chiang 129). It was used as the mean of language documentation. The model allowed representing the fifty endangered languages in the written form (Bird Chiang 129). Problems And Perspectives This section deals with the current problems of language preservation as well as with its future perspectives (Bird Chiang 129). Current Problems of Language Preservation According to the current estimates, only 600 languages will survive on the planet (Agyekum 24). That is why the language conservation is the urgent problem nowadays. The scholars state that there is a psychological aspect of the languages disappearance, which is difficult to cope with. This aspect leads to the linguistic conflicts as people often consider their authentic languages as inferior and the foreign ones as superior (Agyekum 24). One more challenge is the dynamism of the language environment. The linguists have to take into account the rapid changes occurring in it. The absence of the up-to-date technologies and the insufficient amount of the storage facilities complicate the work of the linguists (Agyekum 26). The Trends in Language Preservation The development of the IT technologies creates the new opportunities for language preservation. The linguists work in different parts of the world to collect and document the lexicon, morphology and conversations of the authentic languages speakers. The modern technology allows achieving much better results and increasing the volume of the processed data (Villa 97). The digitalization of the collected texts is one of the brightest trends of the modern time. The computers will, undoubtedly, play a significant role in linguistics in the future. Conclusion The language conservation is the urgent task of the linguists nowadays. Many languages on the Earth are at hazard of d isappearance. The modern technologies can facilitate the work in this field. The machine translation modernizes the process of language documentation. Works Cited Agyekum, Kofi 2012, Documentation and Preservation of the Akan Language. Web. Beaser, Deborah 2006, The Outlook for the Taiwanese Language Preservation. PDF file. Web. Bird, Steven, and D. Chiang 2012, Machine Translation for Language Preservation. PDF file. Web. Villa, Daniel J. 2002, Integrating Technology into Minority Language Preservation and Teaching Efforts: an Inside Job. PDF file. Web. This report on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation was written and submitted by user Red Cr0w to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Blue-Ringed Octopus Facts

Blue-Ringed Octopus Facts The blue-ringed octopus is an extremely venomous animal known for the bright, iridescent blue rings it displays when threatened. The small octopuses are common in tropical and subtropical coral reefs and tide pools of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, ranging from southern Japan to Australia. Although the blue-ringed octopus bite contains the powerful neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, the animal is docile and unlikely to bite unless handled. Blue-ringed octopuses belong to the genus Hapalochlaena, which includes four species: H. lunulata, H. fasciata, H. maculosa, and H. nierstrazi. Fast Facts: Blue-Ringed Octopus Common Name: Blue-ringed octopusScientific Name: Hapalochlaena sp.Distinguishing Features: Small octopus with yellowish skin that flashes bright blue rings when threatened.Size: 12 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in)Diet: Small crabs and shrimpAverage Lifespan: 1 to 2 yearsHabitat: Shallow warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific OceansConservation Status: Not evaluated; common within its rangeKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: MolluscaClass: CephalopodaOrder: OctopodaFun Fact: The blue-ringed octopus is immune to its own venom. Physical Characteristics When not threatened, the blue-ringed octopus rings may be brown or invisible. Brook Peterson/Stocktrek Images / Getty Images Like other octopuses, the blue-ringed octopus has a sac-like body and eight tentacles. Ordinarily, a blue-ringed octopus is tan-colored and blends in with its surroundings. The iridescent blue rings only appear when the animal is disturbed or threatened. In addition to up to 25 rings, this type of octopus also has a blue line running through its eyes. Adults range in size from 12 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in) and weigh from 10 to 100 grams. Females are slightly larger than males, but the size of any octopus varies greatly depending on nutrition, temperature, and available light. Prey and Feeding The blue-ringed octopus hunts small crabs and shrimp during the day, but it will eat bivalves and small fish if it can catch them. The octopus pounces upon its prey, using its tentacles to pull its catch toward its mouth. Then, its beak pierces the crustaceans exoskeleton and delivers the paralyzing venom. The venom is produced by bacteria in octopus saliva. It contains tetrodotoxin, histamine, taurine, octopamine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Once the prey is immobilized, the octopus uses its beak to tear off chunks of the animal to eat. The saliva also contains enzymes that partially digest flesh, so that the octopus can suck it out of the shell. The blue-ringed octopus is immune to its own venom. Venom and Bite Treatment Encounters with this reclusive creature are rare, but people have been bitten after handling accidentally stepping on a blue-ringed octopus. A bite leaves a tiny mark and may be painless, so its possible to be unaware of danger until respiratory distress and paralysis occur. Other symptoms include nausea, blindness, and heart failure, but death (if it occurs) usually results from paralysis of the diaphragm. There is no antivenom for a blue-octopus bite, but tetradotoxin is metabolized and excreted within a few hours. First aid treatment consists of applying pressure to the wound to slow the effects of the venom and artificial respiration once the victim stops breathing, which usually occurs within minutes of the bite. If artificial respiration is started immediately and continued until the toxin wears off, most victims recover. Behavior Hal Beral / Getty Images During the day, the octopus crawls through coral and across the shallow sea floor, seeking to ambush prey. It swims by expelling water through its siphon in a type of jet propulsion. While juvenile blue-ringed octopuses can produce ink, they lose this defensive ability as they mature. The aposematic warning display deters most predators, but the octopus piles up rocks to block the entrance to its lair as a safeguard. Blue-ringed octopuses are not aggressive. Reproduction Blue-ringed octopuses reach sexual maturity when they are less than a year old. A mature male will pounce on any other mature octopus of its own species, whether its male or female. The male holds the other octopus mantle and tries to insert a modified arm called a hectocotylus into the female mantle cavity. If the male is successful, he releases spermatophores into the female. If the other octopus is a male or a female that already has sufficient sperm packets, the mounting octopus typically withdraws without a struggle. In her lifetime, the female lays a single clutch of about 50 eggs. Eggs are laid in autumn, shortly after mating, and incubated under the females arms for around six months. Females dont eat while incubating eggs. When the eggs hatch, the juvenile octopuses sink to the sea floor to seek prey, while the female dies. The blue-ringed octopus lives one to two years. Conservation Status None of the species of blue-ringed octopus have been evaluated with respect to conservation status. They are not listed on the IUCN Red List, nor are they protected. Generally, people dont eat these octopuses, but some are captured for the pet trade. Sources Cheng, M.W.; Caldwell, R.L. (2000). Sex identification and mating in the blue-ringed octopus,  Hapalochlaena lunulata.  Anim Behav.  60  (1): 27–33.  Lippmann, John and Bugg, Stan, DAN S.E. Asia-Pacific Diving First Aid Manual, J.L. Publications, Australia, May 2004. ISBN 0-646-23183-9Mthger, L.M.; Bell, G.R.; Kuzirian, A.M.; Allen, J.J. Hanlon, R.T. (2012). How does the blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) flash its blue rings?. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (21): 3752–3757. doi:10.1242/jeb.076869Robson, G. C. (1929). Notes on the Cephalopoda. - VIII. The genera and subgenera of Octopodinae and Bathypolypodinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 10. 3 (18): 607–608. doi:10.1080/00222932908673017Sheumack D.D., Howden M.E., Spence I., Quinn R.J. (1978). Maculotoxin: a neurotoxin from the venom glands of the octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa identified as tetrodotoxin. Science. 199 (4325): 188–9. doi:10.1126/science.619451

Communication Stratergy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication Stratergy - Essay Example Pink is now part of a French luxury brands group called LVMH which has helped them to expand more, they now cater to their customers with a treasure trove of silk ties, leather goods and other accessories. Thomas Pink, also operates a state of the art website, through which customers can purchase its luxury products at any hour of any day at any place in the world. (LinkedIn). To a novice, Thomas Pink’s success story may seem like a fairytale that has been riding a continuous success wave held up by sheer dumb luck. However, this is not how Thomas Pink has been able to climb up the rungs of the ladder of corporate success. They have, over the course of time implemented various policies and techniques that have given the brand an edge over its competitors and helped propel it from just another shirt manufacturer to one of the leading names of luxury brands in the UK. One of the things most important for a brand’s rapid success in the marketing sphere is its communication strategy. As effective as a good communication strategy can be, it can sometimes also be very difficult to develop, fashioned to best suit the companies needs. Thus, many companies suffer from either the lack of a communications strategy or the ineffectiveness of one. A successful communications strategy explains and promotes the company’s goals and what it hopes to achieve. It creates the â€Å"voice† of the company used to reach its customer base and it is upon this communications strategy that the company can base subsequent tactics. First and foremost, the company needs to get some things in order. The management needs to decide on five management decisions which are further explained below. First, the company needs to ascertain what its audience is. Who are the people it wants to reach and communicate its goals to? Second, the company needs to figure out what it needs to change about its behavior. Things it needs to do differently, new actions that it will have t o take to reach its newly defined audience and communication routes it will have to redirect and realign. Third, the management needs to decide which messages will be suitable for the defined audience. Do they have to restructure the messages? Or will they have to be changed completely? Once the messages to be conveyed to the audience are decided, the management can now work on what channels will be required to convey the message. These will also be in accordance with the defined audience to be targeted. The last job of the management concerning the implementation of a communications strategy is that of evaluation. How will the success of implementation of such a strategy be measured? Should the management set some goals or aims to be achieved? And how will they be able to quantify results? Thomas Pink’s communications strategy changed greatly with time as it expanded and its audience changed. Initially, it was just producing luxury men’s shirts for an audience that wa s prepared to pay a premium price for premium quality. This required Thomas Pink to target a particular segment of the rich and image conscious male market that would purchase the brand’s products with a loyalty only associated with people with money who stick with brands because those brands offer a small part to the completion of their personalities. When Thomas Pink joined LVMH, it expanded into different markets like a firework. It